ld 50 values  (Protox Therapeutics)

Journal: Life

Article Title: Discovery of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Natural Inhibitors Employing a Multi-Phase In Silico Approach

doi: 10.3390/life12091407

Figure Lengend Snippet: Toxicity properties of tested molecules and remdesivir.

Article Snippet: All molecules showed oral LD 50 values higher than remdesivir (0.309 mg·kg −1 /day) except compounds 41, 211, and 298, which exhibited oral LD 50 values less than remdesivir ranging from 0.118 to 0.245 mg·kg −1 /day.

Techniques:

Journal: Molecular cancer research : MCR

Article Title: Targeting RET Kinase in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-1245

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. A dose response curve of Pten−/− and Rb−/− prostate specific double knockout (DKO) organoids treated with increasing concentrations of AD80, LOXO-292, and BLU-667. Viability was measured by staining for dead cells. Circles represent mean and error bars ± standard deviation. B. Bright field images and corresponding fluorescence images of GFP labeled-DKO organoids treated with the indicated concentrations of AD80. Blue=DAPI staining of nuclei, Red=Propidium iodide staining of dead cells. Scale bar =100μm. C and D. Representative brightfield and fluorescent images of LOXO-292 (C) and BLU-667 (D) DKO organoids treated with the indicated concentrations of drugs stained as described in E with the GFP channel omitted.

Article Snippet: LD 50 value measurement AD80, BLU-667, cabozantinib, and vandetanib were all obtained from Selleckchem LOXO-292 was obtained from MedChemExpress and all drugs were resuspended in DMSO.

Techniques: Double Knockout, Staining, Standard Deviation, Fluorescence, Labeling

Journal: Molecular cancer research : MCR

Article Title: Targeting RET Kinase in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-1245

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Immunoprecipitation of RET kinase from H660 cells shows that 4 hour treatment with 1 μM AD80, LOXO-292, or BLU-667 reduces RET tyrosine phosphorylation, as assayed with a total phosphotyrosine antibody 4G10. B. NCI-H660 cells treated for 4 hours with DMSO (Con) the indicated concentrations (nM) of AD80, LOXO-292, or BLU-667, showed reduced activity of the MAPK and AKT signaling cascades downstream of RET. Activity was analyzed by western blot for phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at Tyr202/Tyr204 and phosphorylation of AKT1/2 at Ser473. The AD80 treatment reduced phosphorylation of both downstream targets, while LOXO-292 and BLU-667 reduced the activity of ERK1/2. In all treatments the total ERK1/2, total AKT1/2 and Actin loading control remained unaffected. C. The activity of pERK1/2 (Tyr202/Tyr204) and pAKT1/2 (Ser 473) in NCI-H660 scrambled control and RET knockdown cells was assayed after a 4 hour treatment with DMSO (D), or 1μM of AD80 (A), LOXO-292 (L), or BLU-667 (B). D. The relative ERK1/2 activity was measured by comparing pERK1/2 (Tyr202/Tyr204) to total ERK1/2 protein and normalized to the scrambled DMSO treated sample. The ERK1/2 activity is reduced by both RET knockdown and after treatment with RET inhibitors. The bars represent the average values from three experiments and the error bars are standard deviation. E. Quantification of AKT1/2 activity (pAKT1/2 S473 relative to total AKT protein and normalized DMSO treated Scr cells) shows AD80 potently inhibits AKT1/2 activity while knockdown may reduce activity slightly. Bars represent the mean from three experiments and the error bars are standard deviation.

Article Snippet: LD 50 value measurement AD80, BLU-667, cabozantinib, and vandetanib were all obtained from Selleckchem LOXO-292 was obtained from MedChemExpress and all drugs were resuspended in DMSO.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Phospho-proteomics, Activity Assay, Western Blot, Control, Knockdown, Standard Deviation

Journal: Molecular cancer research : MCR

Article Title: Targeting RET Kinase in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-1245

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Schematic of in vivo study in which NCI-H660 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of NOD-SCID mice and tumors were allowed to grow to approximately 100 to 200mm3 before being randomly assigned into two treatment groups: Control (DMSO alone, n=6) or AD80 (10mg/kg/day, n=6). B. The fold change in tumor volume by treatment group was plotted as a function of the number of days of treatment. Means and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated on the log scale and reported in terms of geometric means after exponentiation with error bars ± 95% confidence interval. There was evidence of an overall treatment effect on tumor growth rate (p=0.006) with a significantly lower tumor volume at day 22 (p=0.006). C. Average animal weights were measured at the same time as tumor volumes and no differences in average animal weight between treatment groups was observed over the duration of the study. Symbols represent means with error bars ± standard error. D. Following the termination of the xenograft tumor experiment, tumors were excised from animals that survived to the end of the study and photographed with a centimeter scale ruler. Separate images from the same group are divided by a white line. E. Representative images of H&E (2.5X and 20X), RET IHC (20X), Ki67 IHC (20X), and TUNEL (2.5X and 20X) stained sections of tumors from each group. White scale bars are 500μm. Yellow and black scale bars are 50μm. F and G. Average optical density of (F) RET staining and (G) Ki67 staining from five distinct fields of view in each tumor are represented by symbols with a horizontal bar representing the mean. Quantification was analyzed by one way ANOVA. H. Quantification of the average TUNEL positive area (2.5X) was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test (p=0.1727). Symbols represent averages for individual tumors with a horizontal line representing the mean. Bars represent the mean with error bars represent ± standard error.

Article Snippet: LD 50 value measurement AD80, BLU-667, cabozantinib, and vandetanib were all obtained from Selleckchem LOXO-292 was obtained from MedChemExpress and all drugs were resuspended in DMSO.

Techniques: In Vivo, Injection, Control, TUNEL Assay, Staining